English Tense Basic

Tense Basic Structure

No	Tense Name	Tense Structure
01	Present Simple Tense	Subject + V1 + s/es + Object +  Ex   (Singular)Subject + V1 + Object +  Ex   (Plural)
02	Present Continuous Tense	Subject + is + V1-ing + Object +  Ex   (Singular)Subject + am/are + V1-ing + Object +  Ex   (Plural)
03	Present Perfect Tense	Subject + has + V3 + Object +  Ex   (Singular)Subject + have + V3+ Object +  Ex   (Plural)
04	Present Perfect Continuous Tense	Subject + has + been + V1-ing + Object +  Ex   (Singular)Subject + have + been + V1-ing + Object +  Ex   (Plural)
05	Past Simple Tense	Subject + V2 + Object +  Ex (Singular and Plural)
06	Past Continuous Tense	Subject + was + V1 + ing + Object +  Ex   (Singular)Subject + were + V1 + ing + Object +  Ex   (Plural)
07	Past Perfect Tense	Subject + had + V3 + Object +  Ex (Singular and Plural)
08	Past Perfect Continuous Tense	Subject + had + been + V1-ing + Object +  Ex (Singular and Plural)
09	Future Simple Tense	Subject + shall/will +V1 + Object +  Ex (I, We)Subject + will + V1 + Object +  Ex   (All Subject)
10	Future Continuous Tense	Subject + shall/will + be +V1-ing + Object +  Ex   (I, We)Subject + will + be +V1-ing + Object +  Ex   (All Subject)
11	Future Perfect Tense	Subject + shall/will + have +V3 + Object +  Ex   (I, We)Subject + will + have +V3 + Object +  Ex   (All Subject)
12	Future Perfect Continuous Tense	Subject + shall/will + have been +V1-ing + Ob +  Ex   (I, We)Subject + will + have been +V1-ing + Ob +  Ex   (All Subject)

Tense Practice

01. Abdul (want) to be a doctor. [Past Indefinite Tense]

Ans: Abdul wanted to be a doctor.

02. The baby (cry) all morning. [Present Perfect Continuous Tense]

Ans: The baby has been crying all morning.

03. Rumi(complete) his task by then. [Future Perfect Tense]

Ans: Rumi will have completed his task by then.

04. Ashok fell off the ladder when he (mend) the roof. [Past Continuous Tense]

Ans: Ashok fell off the ladder when he was mending the roof.

05. He (watch) TV most evening. [Present Indefinite Tense]

Ans: He watches TV most evenings.

06. This paper (appear) twice weekly. [Future Indefinite Tense]

Ans: This paper will appear twice weekly.

7. We (finish) our breakfast half an hour ago. [Past Perfect Tense]

A: We had finished our breakfast half an hour ago.

8. When he lived in Hyderabad, he (go) to the cinema once a week. [Past IT]

A: When he lived in Hyderabad, he went to the cinema once a week.

9. He (go) out five minutes ago. [Present Perfect Tense]

A: He has gone out five minutes ago.

10.Mom (cook) my favorite pasta. [Future Perfect Tense]

A: Mom will have cooked my favorite pasta

11. I (see) Rahim at the zoo. [Past Indefinite Tense]

A:   I saw Rahim at the zoo

12. I (not see) Kumar this week. [Present Perfect Tense]

A: I have not seen Kumar this week

13. Miss Smith (teach) for twelve years coming May. [Future Perfect Continuous Tense]

A: Miss Smith will have been teaching for twelve years coming May.

14. I (smell) something burning. [Present Perfect Continuous Tense]

A:   I have been smelling something burning.

15. They (leave) for Kashmir by next day. [Future Perfect Tense]

A: They will have left for Kashmir by next day.

16. Look, the sun (rise) over the hills. [Present Continuous Tense]

A: Look, the sun is rising over the hills.

17. I (not see) him since we met a year ago. [Past Perfect Tense]

A: I had not seen him since we met a year ago.

18. The soup (not taste) good. [Present Indefinite Tense]

A: The soup does not taste good.

19. Shelly (practice) how to speak Spanish for an hour when you arrive. [FPCT]

A: Shelly will have been practicing how to speak Spanish for an hour when you arrive.

20. I (walk) for half an hour when it suddenly started to rain. [Past PCT]

A: I had been walking for half an hour when it suddenly started to rain

21. She (be) unconscious since four o’clock. [Present Perfect Tense]

A:She has been unconscious since four o’clock.

22. When I reach home, my dog (wait) for me on the porch. [FCT]

A: When I reach home, my dog will be waiting for me on the porch.

23. Did you think you (see) me somewhere before? [Past Perfect Tense]

A: Did you think you had seen me somewhere before?

24. The town (change) its appearance completely since 1980. [Present PT]

A: The town has changed its appearance completely since 1980.

25. The flight (arrive) at 3:30 A.M. [Future Indefinite Tense]

A: The flight will arrive at 3:30 A.M.

26. Rumi (complete) his task by then. [Future Perfect Tense]

A:   Rumihas been completedhis task by then.

The teacher (advice) the student to frame a timetable for time management. [Past Indefinite Tense]

A:   The teacheradvisedthe student to frame a timetable for time management.

28. He (discuss) the interior design for two hours. [Present P C Tense]

A:   He has been discussing the interior design for two hours.

29. He (bake) pies for his children. [Future Continuous Tense]

A:   Hewill bebaking over the hills.

30. I (not see) him since we met a year ago. [Past Perfect Tense]

A:  Ihad not seen him since we met a year ago.

31. The soup (not taste) good. [Present Indefinite Tense]

A:  The soup does not taste good.

32. I (take) my lunch yet. [Present Perfect Tense]

A:   I have been takingmy lunch yet.

33.My firm (progress) by leaps and bounds. [Future PCT]

A:   My firmwill have been progressingby leaps and bounds.

She (serve) the dinner at half-past eight and (put) the children to sleep at half-past nine. [Present Indefinite Tense]

A:

She serves the dinnerat half-past eight and put the children to sleep at half-past nine.

35. I (walk) for half an hour when it suddenly started to rain. [Past P CT]

A:   Ihad been walkingfor half an hour when it suddenly started to rain.

English Tense Practice

01. Abdul (want) to be a doctor. [Past Indefinite Tense]

Ans: Abdul wanted to be a doctor.

02. The baby (cry) all morning. [Present Perfect Continuous Tense]

Ans: The baby has been crying all morning.

03. Rumi(complete) his task by then. [Future Perfect Tense]

Ans: Rumi will have completed his task by then.

04. Ashok fell off the ladder when he (mend) the roof. [Past Continuous Tense]

Ans: Ashok fell off the ladder when he was mending the roof.

05. He (watch) TV most evening. [Present Indefinite Tense]

Ans: He watches TV most evenings.

06. This paper (appear) twice weekly. [Future Indefinite Tense]

Ans: This paper will appear twice weekly.

07. We (finish) our breakfast half an hour ago. [Past Perfect Tense]

Ans: We had finished our breakfast half an hour ago.

8. When he lived in Hyderabad, he (go) to the cinema once a week. [Past IT]

A: When he lived in Hyderabad, he went to the cinema once a week.

9. He (go) out five minutes ago. [Present Perfect Tense]

A: He has gone out five minutes ago.

10.Mom (cook) my favorite pasta. [Future Perfect Tense]

A: Mom will have cooked my favorite pasta

11. I (see) Rahim at the zoo. [Past Indefinite Tense]

A:   I saw Rahim at the zoo

12. I (not see) Kumar this week. [Present Perfect Tense]

A: I have not seen Kumar this week

13. Miss Smith (teach) for twelve years coming May. [Future Perfect Continuous Tense]

A: Miss Smith will have been teaching for twelve years coming May.

14. I (smell) something burning. [Present Perfect Continuous Tense]

A:   I have been smelling something burning.

15. They (leave) for Kashmir by next day. [Future Perfect Tense]

A: They will have left for Kashmir by next day.

16. Look, the sun (rise) over the hills. [Present Continuous Tense]

A: Look, the sun is rising over the hills.

17. I (not see) him since we met a year ago. [Past Perfect Tense]

A: I had not seen him since we met a year ago.

18. The soup (not taste) good. [Present Indefinite Tense]

A: The soup does not taste good.

19. Shelly (practice) how to speak Spanish for an hour when you arrive. [FPCT]

A: Shelly will have been practicing how to speak Spanish for an hour when you arrive.

20. I (walk) for half an hour when it suddenly started to rain. [Past PCT]

A: I had been walking for half an hour when it suddenly started to rain

21. She (be) unconscious since four o’clock. [Present Perfect Tense]

A:She has been unconscious since four o’clock.

22. When I reach home, my dog (wait) for me on the porch. [FCT]

A: When I reach home, my dog will be waiting for me on the porch.

23. Did you think you (see) me somewhere before? [Past Perfect Tense]

A: Did you think you had seen me somewhere before?

24. The town (change) its appearance completely since 1980. [Present PT]

A: The town has changed its appearance completely since 1980.

25. The flight (arrive) at 3:30 A.M. [Future Indefinite Tense]

A: The flight will arrive at 3:30 A.M.

26. Rumi (complete) his task by then. [Future Perfect Tense]

A:   Rumihas been completedhis task by then.

The teacher (advice) the student to frame a timetable for time management. [Past Indefinite Tense]

A:   The teacheradvisedthe student to frame a timetable for time management.

28. He (discuss) the interior design for two hours. [Present P C Tense]

A:   He has been discussing the interior design for two hours.

29. He (bake) pies for his children. [Future Continuous Tense]

A:   Hewill bebaking over the hills.

30. I (not see) him since we met a year ago. [Past Perfect Tense]

A:  Ihad not seen him since we met a year ago.

31. The soup (not taste) good. [Present Indefinite Tense]

A:  The soup does not taste good.

32. I (take) my lunch yet. [Present Perfect Tense]

A:   I have been takingmy lunch yet.

33.My firm (progress) by leaps and bounds. [Future PCT]

A:   My firmwill have been progressingby leaps and bounds.

She (serve) the dinner at half-past eight and (put) the children to sleep at half-past nine. [Present Indefinite Tense]

A:

She serves the dinnerat half-past eight and put the children to sleep at half-past nine.

35. I (walk) for half an hour when it suddenly started to rain. [Past P CT]

A:   Ihad been walkingfor half an hour when it suddenly started to rain.

Full Stack Development

Full Stack Development refers to the development of both front end(client side) and back end(server side) portions of web applications.

Full stack web Developers

Full stack web developers have the ability to design complete web applications and websites. They work on the frontend, backend, database and debugging of web applications or websites.

Full Stack Development

Technology Related to Full Stack Development

Front-end Development

It is the visible part of website or web application which is responsible for user experience. The user directly interacts with the front end portion of the web application or website.

Front-end Technologies:

The front end portion is built by using some languages which are discussed below:

• HTML: HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is used to design the front end portion of web pages using markup language. HTML is the combination of Hypertext and Markup language. Hypertext defines the link between the web pages. The markup language is used to define the text documentation within tag which defines the structure of web pages.
• CSS: Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simply designed language intended to simplify the process of making web pages presentable. CSS allows you to apply styles to web pages. More importantly, CSS enables you to do this independent of the HTML that makes up each web page.
• JavaScript: JavaScript is a famous scripting language used to create the magic on the sites to make the site interactive for the user. It is used to enhancing the functionality of a website to running cool games and web-based software.

Front End Libraries and Frameworks

• AngularJS: AngularJs is a JavaScript open source front-end framework that is mainly used to develop single page web applications(SPAs). It is a continuously growing and expanding framework which provides better ways for developing web applications. It changes the static HTML to dynamic HTML. It is an open source project which can be freely used and changed by anyone. It extends HTML attributes with Directives, and data is bound with HTML.
• React.js: React is a declarative, efficient, and flexible JavaScript library for building user interfaces. ReactJS is an open-source, component-based front end library responsible only for the view layer of the application. It is maintained by Facebook.
• Bootstrap: Bootstrap is a free and open-source tool collection for creating responsive websites and web applications. It is the most popular HTML, CSS, and JavaScript framework for developing responsive, mobile-first web sites.
• jQuery: jQuery is an open source JavaScript library that simplifies the interactions between an HTML/CSS document, or more precisely the Document Object Model (DOM), and JavaScript. Elaborating the terms, jQuery simplifies HTML document traversing and manipulation, browser event handling, DOM animations, Ajax interactions, and cross-browser JavaScript development.
• SASS: It is the most reliable, mature and robust CSS extension language. It is used to extend the functionality of an existing CSS of a site including everything from variables, inheritance, and nesting with ease. (SASS ~ Syntactically Awesome Style Sheets)
• Some other libraries and frameworks are: Semantic-UI, Foundation, Materialize, Backbone.js, Express.js, Ember.js etc.

Back-end Technologies

It refers to the server-side development of web application or website with a primary focus on how the website works. It is responsible for managing the database through queries and APIs by client-side commands. This type of website mainly consists of three parts front end, back end, and database.
The back end portion is built by using some libraries, frameworks, and languages which are discussed below:

• PHP: PHP is a server-side scripting language designed specifically for web development. Since, PHP code executed on server side so it is called server side scripting language.
• C++ It is a general purpose programming language and widely used now a days for competitive programming. It is also used as backend language.
• Java: Java is one of the most popular and widely used programming language and platform. It is highly scalable. Java components are easily available.
• Python: Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly and integrate systems more efficiently.
• Node.js: Node.js is an open source and cross-platform runtime environment for executing JavaScript code outside of a browser. You need to remember that NodeJS is not a framework and it’s not a programming language. Most of the people are confused and understand it’s a framework or a programming language. We often use Node.js for building back-end services like APIs like Web App or Mobile App. It’s used in production by large companies such as Paypal, Uber, Netflix, Walmart and so on.
• Back End Frameworks: The list of back end frameworks are: Express, Django, Rails, Laravel, Spring etc.
• The other back end program/scripting languages are: C#, Ruby, REST, GO etc.

Note: JavaScript is essential for all stacks as it is dominant technology on Web.

Database: Database is the collection of inter-related data which helps in efficient retrieval, insertion and deletion of data from database and organizes the data in the form of tables, views, schemas, reports etc.

• Oracle: Oracle database is the collection of data which is treated as a unit. The purpose of this database is to store and retrieve information related to the query. It is a database server and used to manages information.
• MongoDB: MongoDB, the most popular NoSQL database, is an open source document-oriented database. The term ‘NoSQL’ means ‘non-relational’. It means that MongoDB isn’t based on the table-like relational database structure but provides an altogether different mechanism for storage and retrieval of data.
• Sql Structured Query Language is a standard Database language which is used to create, maintain and retrieve the relational database.

Popular Stacks

• MEAN Stack: MongoDB, Express, AngularJS and Node.js.
• MERN Stack: MongoDB, Express, ReactJS and Node.js
• Django Stack: Django, python and MySQL as Database.
• Rails or Ruby on Rails: Uses Ruby, PHP and MySQL.
• LAMP Stack: Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP.

Thanks for your time!

What is the MERN stack?

MERN stands for MongoDB, Express, React, Node, after the four key technologies that make up the stack.

• MongoDB — document database
• Express(.js) — Node.js web framework
• React(.js) — a client-side JavaScript library. (not framework)
• Node(.js) — the premier JavaScript web server

Express and Node make up the middle (application) tier. Express.js is a server-side web framework, and Node.js is the popular and powerful JavaScript server platform. Regardless of which variant you choose, ME(RVA)N is the ideal approach to working with JavaScript and JSON, all the way through.

How does the MERN stack work?

The MERN architecture allows you to easily construct a three-tier architecture (front end, back end, database) entirely using JavaScript and JSON.

React.js front end

The top tier of the MERN stack is React.js, the declarative JavaScript framework for creating dynamic client-side applications in HTML. React lets you build up complex interfaces through simple components, connect them to data on your back-end server, and render them as HTML.

React’s strong suit is handling stateful, data-driven interfaces with minimal code and minimal pain, and it has all the bells and whistles you’d expect from a modern web framework: great support for forms, error handling, events, lists, and more.

Express.js and Node.js server tier

The next level down is the Express.js server-side framework, running inside a Node.js server. Express.js bills itself as a “fast, unopinionated, minimalist web framework for Node.js,” and that is indeed exactly what it is. Express.js has powerful models for URL routing (matching an incoming URL with a server function), and handling HTTP requests and responses.

By making XML HTTP Requests (XHRs) or GETs or POSTs from your React.js front end, you can connect to Express.js functions that power your application. Those functions, in turn, use MongoDB’s Node.js drivers, either via callbacks or using promises, to access and update data in your MongoDB database.

MongoDB database tier

If your application stores any data (user profiles, content, comments, uploads, events, etc.), then you’re going to want a database that’s just as easy to work with as React, Express, and Node.

That’s where MongoDB comes in: JSON documents created in your React.js front end can be sent to the Express.js server, where they can be processed and (assuming they’re valid) stored directly in MongoDB for later retrieval. Again, if you’re building in the cloud, you’ll want to look at Atlas. If you’re looking to set up your own MERN stack, read on!

Is MERN a full-stack solution?

Yes, MERN is a full stack, following the traditional three-tier architectural pattern, including the front-end display tier (React.js), application tier (Express.js and Node.js), and database tier (MongoDB).

Why choose the MERN stack?

Let’s start with MongoDB, the document database at the root of the MERN stack. MongoDB was designed to store JSON data natively (it technically uses a binary version of JSON called BSON), and everything from its command line interface to its query language (MQL, or MongoDB Query Language) is built on JSON and JavaScript.

MongoDB works extremely well with Node.js, and makes storing, manipulating, and representing JSON data at every tier of your application incredibly easy. For cloud-native applications, MongoDB Atlasmakes it even easier, by giving you an auto-scaling MongoDB cluster on the cloud provider of your choice, as easy as a few button clicks.

Express.js (running on Node.js) and React.js make the JavaScript/JSON application MERN full stack, well, full. Express.js is a server-side application framework that wraps HTTP requests and responses, and makes it easy to map URLs to server-side functions. React.js is a front end JavaScript framework for building interactive user interfaces in HTML, and communicating with a remote server.

The combination means that JSON data flows naturally from front to back, making it fast to build on and reasonably simple to debug. Plus, you only have to know one programming language, and the JSON document structure, to understand the whole system!

MERN is the stack of choice for today’s web developers looking to move quickly, particularly for those with React.js experience.

MERN use cases

Like any web stack, you can build whatever you want in MERN — though it’s ideally suited for cases that are JSON-heavy, cloud-native, and that have dynamic web interfaces.

Examples include workflow management, news aggregation, to-do apps and calendars, and interactive forums/social products — and whatever else you can dream up!

Thanks for your time!

Computer Basic for Beginners

@. Computer:

Computer is an electronic device which is developed by Chars Babas nearby 14^th century.

It receives input from input device and processing the input. Finally, it gives output. It also puts storage of data and information.

@. Computer part:

Computer has two parts –     (1) Hardware               (2) Software

@. Computer Hardware:

Hardware is a type of physical external and internal device of computer. We can see and touch them.

Hardware is two types:         (1) Input device (2) Output device

#. Computer input device is keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc. and

#. Computer output device is monitor, printer, speaker, projector, etc.

@. Computer Software:

Software is a set of instructions, data, or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks.

Software is two types: (1) System Software    (2) Application Software

#. System software is Windows, Mac OS, Linux,Chrome OS etc.

#. Application software is Ms Word, Photoshop, Chrome, Yahoo, etc.

@. Computer type:

There are several types of computer. Among them:

(1) Personal Computer                   (5) Server

(2) Workstation Computer            (2) Mainframe

(3) Super Computer                        (2) Tablet

(4) Embedded Computer               (2) IoT Device

#. Personal Computer or PC:

These are the most common type of computers used by individuals for personal tasks like browsing, word processing, gaming, etc.

Such as: Desktop and Laptop.

#. Workstation Computer:

Workstation computer is high-performance computers designed for professional tasks like video editing, 3D modeling, and scientific simulations.

#. Super Computer:

Super computer is the most powerful computers capable of performing massive calculations and simulations.

They are used for scientific research, weather forecasting, and complex simulations.

#. Embedded Computers:

Embedded Computer is built into other devices and performs specific tasks.

Such as: Microcontrollers in appliances, Cars, and Industrial machinery.

#. Server:

Server is a type of computer designed to serve other computer over a network.

They handle tasks like data storage, hosting websites, running applications, and managing network resources.

#. Mainframes:

Mainframe is large and powerful computers used by organizations for critical tasks like processing large volumes of data, financial transactions, and handling enterprise-level applications.

#. Tablet and Smart Phone:

Tablet is not only mobile device but also computer, with integrated processors and operating systems, used for various tasks, including communication, browsing, and entertainment.

#. IoT or Internet of Things Device:

IoT is a wide range of device connected to the internet to collect and exchange data.

Such as: Smart home device, Smart speaker, and Connected appliance.

@. Data: Computer input is called data.

@. Information:

The output obtained after processing data, based on the user’s instructions is called information.

@. Processes that can be applied to data are of two types:

1. Arithmetic operations
2. Logical operations

@. The basic parts of computer are:

#. Input unit: Devices used to input data and instructions.

#. Output unit: Devices used to provide information to the user in desired format.

#. Control unit: All devices or parts of computer interact through the control unit.

#. Arithmetic logic unit: All arithmetic operations and logical operations take place it.

#. Memory: All input data, instructions and data interim to the processes are stored in the memory.

@. Memory is of two types

1. Primary memory

• Secondary memory.

#. Primary memory:

Computer primary memory, also known as RAM, is a fast and volatile storage that holds data and instructions for the CPU to access during program execution. It allows for efficient multitasking and smoother system performance.

#. Secondary memory:

Persistent storage (Hard disk, SSD, etc) for data retention when the computer is off.

@. CPU:

Control unit, arithmetic logic unit and memory are together called the central processing unit or CPU.

@.  Speed:

Typically, a computer can carry out 3-4 million instructions per second.

@. Accuracy:

Computers exhibit a very high degree of accuracy. Errors that may occur are usually due to human errors.

@. Reliability:

Computers can carry out same type of work repeatedly without throwing up errors due to tiredness or boredom

@. Versatility:

Computers can carry out a wide range of work.

@. Storage Capacity:

Computers can store a very large amount of data at a fraction of cost of traditional storage of files

@. Internet:

Internet is a global network of connected computers that allows access to information and services.

@. Programming:

Programming is writing instructions or code for computers to perform specific tasks.

Some Advantages that Computers Offer.

#.      Computers can do the same task repetitively with same accuracy.

#.      Computers do not get tired or bored.

#.      Computers can take up routine tasks while releasing human resource for more intelligent functions.

Some Disadvantages of Computers

#.      Computers have no intelligence.

#.      Regular electric supply is necessary to make computers work.

#.      Trained people required to work on computers.

@. Artificial Intelligence or AI:

Artificial Intelligence or AI is the simulation of human intelligence in computers and active them to learn and make decisions.

@. Cyber Security:

Cyber Security is protecting computer systems and data from unauthorized access and attacks.

@. Block-Chain:

Block Chainis a decentralized and secure digital ledger used for recording transactions.

@.  Cloud:

The “cloud” refers to using internet-based servers to store, manage, and process data, replacing the need for local computers or servers.

It offers benefits like scalability, cost-efficiency, and accessibility for various services and resources.

@.  Machine Learning:

Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that involves the development of algorithms and models that enable computers to learn from and make predictions or decisions based on data, without being explicitly programmed.

@.     Machine learning can be categorized into three main types based on the learning process and the nature of the data used for training:

1. Supervised Learning:

In supervised learning, the algorithm is trained on a labeled dataset, where the input data is paired with the correct output.

The goal is for the algorithm to learn a mapping from inputs to outputs, so that it can make accurate predictions or classifications when presented with new, unseen data.

2. Unsupervised Learning:

Unsupervised learning involves training the algorithm on an unlabeled dataset, where the algorithm’s goal is to identify patterns, structures, or relationships within the data.

Clustering and dimensionality reduction are common tasks in unsupervised learning.

3. Reinforcement Learning:

In reinforcement learning, an agent learns to perform actions in an environment to maximize a reward signal.

The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties based on its actions, and it learns to make decisions that lead to higher rewards over time.

This type of learning is often used in scenarios where there is no explicit dataset of labeled examples.

@. Additionally, there are other variations and combinations of these types:

#. Semi-Supervised Learning:

This approach uses a combination of labeled and unlabeled data for training, which can be particularly useful when labeling large amounts of data is time-consuming or expensive.

#. Transfer Learning:

Transfer learning involves training a model on one task and then using that pre-trained model as a starting point for a different but related task.

This can save time and resources, as the model has already learned relevant features from the initial task.

#. Deep Learning:

Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning that focuses on using neural networks with many layers (deep neural networks) to automatically learn hierarchical representations of data.

Deep learning has been highly successful in tasks like image and speech recognition.

@.     Each type of machine learning has its own strengths and is suited to different types of problems.

The choice of which type to use depends on the available data, the nature of the problem, and the desired outcomes.

@. Computer Vision:

Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence that focuses on enabling computers to interpret, understand, and process visual information from the world, much like human vision.

It involves tasks such as image recognition, object detection, and scene understanding using algorithms and machine learning techniques.

@. A machine is a device or system designed to perform specific tasks, often using mechanical or electronic means.

#. A machine is a mechanical or electronic device designed to perform specific functions or tasks.

@. Simple Sum:

62     +       24     –        32     =       54

• Input    ~  62,  24,  32,  +,  -,  =
• Output    ~  54
• Instructions ~  +,  –
• Data    ~  62,  24, 32, 54
• Information ~  Processed data (54)

@. Data:

Computer input is called data.

@. Information:

After processing data, according to user instruction is called information.

@. Different between Data and Information:

No	Data	No	Information
01	Computer input is called data.	01	After processing data, according to user instruction is called information.
02	Data has all the elements of analysis.	02	Information is dependent on data
03	Data is just number and text.	03	Information is based on analysis of data
04	Data does not have any specific purpose.	04	Information is always useful.
05	Such as: 7, 5, 9, 2, 1, 0, 3, 4, 6, 8	05	Such as: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

@.     Before a machine can follow instructions:

• It needs to store the numbers in a memory just like M of a calculator.
• Let’s therefore imagine that we have three memories like a calculator.
• M1, M2 and M3

@.  Q-basic:

The machine dictionary we are going to use is called QBASIC.

@.     How will a machine understand the instructions you are giving?

• It needs something like a dictionary.
• You also need to know the words that are in the dictionary.
• The dictionary we are going to use is called QBASIC.

@.     The following commands which you can use to input into memory and output from memory:

• INPUT M1
• INPUT M2
• M3 = M1 + M2
• PRINT M3

@.     Try the program out in the QBASIC dictionary.

• Find the folder lab Y MI
• It find QBASIC folder
• Find QB.exe
• Load QB
• Write and run program
• Change the formula, try again.

Software Basic for Beginners

@.  Software:

Software is a set of instructions, data, or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks.

#. According to IEEE-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers:

Software is a collection of computer programs, procedures, rules, associated documentation and data.

Software is two types: (1) System Software    (2) Application Software

#. System software is Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Chrome OS etc.

#. Application software is Ms Word, Photoshop, Chrome, Yahoo, etc.

Software can be categorized into two main types:

@.  System Software:

System software is a type of software responsible for managing and controlling computer hardware and providing a platform for other software applications to run.

System software is three types.

#. Operating Systems:

Operating systems is a type of software that manages computer hardware and provides a user-friendly interface for running applications.

Such as: Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and Android.

#. Device Driver:

Device driver is a type of software that allows the operating system to communicate with specific hardware devices.

Such as: Printers, Graphics cards, and Network adapters.

#. Utilities Software:

Utilities software is a type ofsoftware that performs various system tasks.

Such as: Disk management, File compression, and Security functions.

@. Application Software:

Application softwareis a type of software includes programs that perform specific tasks or functions for end-users.

It can range from simple applications like text editors to complex programs.

Application software is six types.

#. Word Processor:

Word processor is a type of software used for creating, editing, and formatting documents.

Such as:  MS Word, Google Docs, and Different Page.

#. Web Browser:

Web browser is a type of software that allows users to access and navigate the internet.

Such as:  Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Safari.

#. Multimedia Software:

Multimedia Software is a type of applications for viewing and editing images, playing audio and video files, and creating multimedia content.

Such as: Adobe Premiere Pro, OBS Studio, and Audacity.

#. Productivity Software:

Productivity Softwareis a type of Software designed to help users be more productive.

Such as: Spreadsheet applications (MS Excel), Presentation software (MS PowerPoint), and Task management tools.

#. Graphics and Design Software:

Graphics and Design software is a type ofapplications for creating graphics, illustrations, and animations.

Such as: Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, and Canva.

#. Entertainment Software:

Entertainment software is a type of software includes video games, media players, streaming services, virtual reality apps, and more designed for leisure and enjoyment.

Such as: Video games, Media players, and E-book Reader.

@.  Software Engineering:

Software Engineering is the application of a system, disciplined, and cost-effective technique which is an engineering approach for the development, operation, and maintenance.

@.  Computer Science:

Computer science deals with the science behind the interaction between hardware and software system and computation application.

@.  CASE:

CASE: Computer Aided Software Engineering.

CASE is a software tool used to implement or design software and application.

It is also a document (domain) or software tool.

@.  Software Building:

• Set of program
• Configuration file

#. Set of code          #. System documentation     #. User documentation

(Software Structure)    (How to use)

@.  SDLC:

The full meaning of SDLC is Software Development Life Cycle.

SDLC is a process used by the software industry to design, develop and test high quality software.

SDLC is a process followed for a software project, within a software organization.

The typical stages in the Software Development Life Cycle include:

1. Requirements Gathering
2. Analysis and Planning or Define Requirements
3. Design the software
4. Implementation or Develop or Coding.
5. Testing the software
6. Deployment in the market
7. Maintenance the software

Computer Basic for Beginners

@. Computer:

Computer is an electronic device which is developed by Chars Babas nearby 14^th century.

It receives input from input device and processing the input. Finally, it gives output. It also puts storage of data and information.

@. Computer part:

Computer has two parts –     (1) Hardware               (2) Software

@. Computer Hardware:

Hardware is a type of physical external and internal device of computer. We can see and touch them.

Hardware is two types:         (1) Input device (2) Output device

#. Computer input device is keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc. and

#. Computer output device is monitor, printer, speaker, projector, etc.

@. Computer Software:

Software is a set of instructions, data, or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks.

Software is two types: (1) System Software    (2) Application Software

#. System software is Windows, Mac OS, Linux,Chrome OS etc.

#. Application software is Ms Word, Photoshop, Chrome, Yahoo, etc.

@. Computer type:

There are several types of computer. Among them:

(1) Personal Computer                   (5) Server

(2) Workstation Computer            (2) Mainframe

(3) Super Computer                        (2) Tablet

(4) Embedded Computer               (2) IoT Device

#. Personal Computer or PC:

These are the most common type of computers used by individuals for personal tasks like browsing, word processing, gaming, etc.

Such as: Desktop and Laptop.

#. Workstation Computer:

Workstation computer is high-performance computers designed for professional tasks like video editing, 3D modeling, and scientific simulations.

#. Super Computer:

Super computer is the most powerful computers capable of performing massive calculations and simulations.

They are used for scientific research, weather forecasting, and complex simulations.

#. Embedded Computers:

Embedded Computer is built into other devices and performs specific tasks.

Such as: Microcontrollers in appliances, Cars, and Industrial machinery.

#. Server:

Server is a type of computer designed to serve other computer over a network.

They handle tasks like data storage, hosting websites, running applications, and managing network resources.

#. Mainframes:

Mainframe is large and powerful computers used by organizations for critical tasks like processing large volumes of data, financial transactions, and handling enterprise-level applications.

#. Tablet and Smart Phone:

Tablet is not only mobile device but also computer, with integrated processors and operating systems, used for various tasks, including communication, browsing, and entertainment.

#. IoT or Internet of Things Device:

IoT is a wide range of device connected to the internet to collect and exchange data.

Such as: Smart home device, Smart speaker, and Connected appliance.

@. Data: Computer input is called data.

@. Information:

The output obtained after processing data, based on the user’s instructions is called information.

@. Processes that can be applied to data are of two types:

1. Arithmetic operations
2. Logical operations

@. The basic parts of computer are:

#. Input unit: Devices used to input data and instructions.

#. Output unit: Devices used to provide information to the user in desired format.

#. Control unit: All devices or parts of computer interact through the control unit.

#. Arithmetic logic unit: All arithmetic operations and logical operations take place it.

#. Memory: All input data, instructions and data interim to the processes are stored in the memory.

@. Memory is of two types

1. Primary memory

• Secondary memory.

#. Primary memory:

Computer primary memory, also known as RAM, is a fast and volatile storage that holds data and instructions for the CPU to access during program execution. It allows for efficient multitasking and smoother system performance.

#. Secondary memory:

Persistent storage (Hard disk, SSD, etc) for data retention when the computer is off.

@. CPU:

Control unit, arithmetic logic unit and memory are together called the central processing unit or CPU.

@.  Speed:

Typically, a computer can carry out 3-4 million instructions per second.

@. Accuracy:

Computers exhibit a very high degree of accuracy. Errors that may occur are usually due to human errors.

@. Reliability:

Computers can carry out same type of work repeatedly without throwing up errors due to tiredness or boredom

@. Versatility:

Computers can carry out a wide range of work.

@. Storage Capacity:

Computers can store a very large amount of data at a fraction of cost of traditional storage of files

@. Internet:

Internet is a global network of connected computers that allows access to information and services.

@. Programming:

Programming is writing instructions or code for computers to perform specific tasks.

Some Advantages that Computers Offer.

#.      Computers can do the same task repetitively with same accuracy.

#.      Computers do not get tired or bored.

#.      Computers can take up routine tasks while releasing human resource for more intelligent functions.

Some Disadvantages of Computers

#.      Computers have no intelligence.

#.      Regular electric supply is necessary to make computers work.

#.      Trained people required to work on computers.

@. Artificial Intelligence or AI:

Artificial Intelligence or AI is the simulation of human intelligence in computers and active them to learn and make decisions.

@. Cyber Security:

Cyber Security is protecting computer systems and data from unauthorized access and attacks.

@. Block-Chain:

Block Chainis a decentralized and secure digital ledger used for recording transactions.

@.  Cloud:

The “cloud” refers to using internet-based servers to store, manage, and process data, replacing the need for local computers or servers.

It offers benefits like scalability, cost-efficiency, and accessibility for various services and resources.

@.  Machine Learning:

Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that involves the development of algorithms and models that enable computers to learn from and make predictions or decisions based on data, without being explicitly programmed.

@.     Machine learning can be categorized into three main types based on the learning process and the nature of the data used for training:

1. Supervised Learning:

In supervised learning, the algorithm is trained on a labeled dataset, where the input data is paired with the correct output.

The goal is for the algorithm to learn a mapping from inputs to outputs, so that it can make accurate predictions or classifications when presented with new, unseen data.

2. Unsupervised Learning:

Unsupervised learning involves training the algorithm on an unlabeled dataset, where the algorithm’s goal is to identify patterns, structures, or relationships within the data.

Clustering and dimensionality reduction are common tasks in unsupervised learning.

3. Reinforcement Learning:

In reinforcement learning, an agent learns to perform actions in an environment to maximize a reward signal.

The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties based on its actions, and it learns to make decisions that lead to higher rewards over time.

This type of learning is often used in scenarios where there is no explicit dataset of labeled examples.

@. Additionally, there are other variations and combinations of these types:

#. Semi-Supervised Learning:

This approach uses a combination of labeled and unlabeled data for training, which can be particularly useful when labeling large amounts of data is time-consuming or expensive.

#. Transfer Learning:

Transfer learning involves training a model on one task and then using that pre-trained model as a starting point for a different but related task.

This can save time and resources, as the model has already learned relevant features from the initial task.

#. Deep Learning:

Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning that focuses on using neural networks with many layers (deep neural networks) to automatically learn hierarchical representations of data.

Deep learning has been highly successful in tasks like image and speech recognition.

@.     Each type of machine learning has its own strengths and is suited to different types of problems.

The choice of which type to use depends on the available data, the nature of the problem, and the desired outcomes.

@. Computer Vision:

Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence that focuses on enabling computers to interpret, understand, and process visual information from the world, much like human vision.

It involves tasks such as image recognition, object detection, and scene understanding using algorithms and machine learning techniques.

@. A machine is a device or system designed to perform specific tasks, often using mechanical or electronic means.

#. A machine is a mechanical or electronic device designed to perform specific functions or tasks.

@. Simple Sum:

62     +       24     –        32     =       54

• Input    ~  62,  24,  32,  +,  -,  =
• Output    ~  54
• Instructions ~  +,  –
• Data    ~  62,  24, 32, 54
• Information ~  Processed data (54)

@. Data:

Computer input is called data.

@. Information:

After processing data, according to user instruction is called information.

@. Different between Data and Information:

No	Data	No	Information
01	Computer input is called data.	01	After processing data, according to user instruction is called information.
02	Data has all the elements of analysis.	02	Information is dependent on data
03	Data is just number and text.	03	Information is based on analysis of data
04	Data does not have any specific purpose.	04	Information is always useful.
05	Such as: 7, 5, 9, 2, 1, 0, 3, 4, 6, 8	05	Such as: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

@.     Before a machine can follow instructions:

• It needs to store the numbers in a memory just like M of a calculator.
• Let’s therefore imagine that we have three memories like a calculator.
• M1, M2 and M3

@.  Q-basic:

The machine dictionary we are going to use is called QBASIC.

@.     How will a machine understand the instructions you are giving?

• It needs something like a dictionary.
• You also need to know the words that are in the dictionary.
• The dictionary we are going to use is called QBASIC.

@.     The following commands which you can use to input into memory and output from memory:

• INPUT M1
• INPUT M2
• M3 = M1 + M2
• PRINT M3

@.     Try the program out in the QBASIC dictionary.

• Find the folder lab Y MI
• It find QBASIC folder
• Find QB.exe
• Load QB
• Write and run program
• Change the formula, try again.

MERN Stack Development

What is the MERN stack?

MERN stands for MongoDB, Express, React, Node, after the four key technologies that make up the stack.

• MongoDB — document database
• Express(.js) — Node.js web framework
• React(.js) — a client-side JavaScript library. (not framework)
• Node(.js) — the premier JavaScript web server

Express and Node make up the middle (application) tier. Express.js is a server-side web framework, and Node.js is the popular and powerful JavaScript server platform. Regardless of which variant you choose, ME(RVA)N is the ideal approach to working with JavaScript and JSON, all the way through.

How does the MERN stack work?

The MERN architecture allows you to easily construct a three-tier architecture (front end, back end, database) entirely using JavaScript and JSON.

React.js front end

The top tier of the MERN stack is React.js, the declarative JavaScript framework for creating dynamic client-side applications in HTML. React lets you build up complex interfaces through simple components, connect them to data on your back-end server, and render them as HTML.

React’s strong suit is handling stateful, data-driven interfaces with minimal code and minimal pain, and it has all the bells and whistles you’d expect from a modern web framework: great support for forms, error handling, events, lists, and more.

Express.js and Node.js server tier

The next level down is the Express.js server-side framework, running inside a Node.js server. Express.js bills itself as a “fast, unopinionated, minimalist web framework for Node.js,” and that is indeed exactly what it is. Express.js has powerful models for URL routing (matching an incoming URL with a server function), and handling HTTP requests and responses.

By making XML HTTP Requests (XHRs) or GETs or POSTs from your React.js front end, you can connect to Express.js functions that power your application. Those functions, in turn, use MongoDB’s Node.js drivers, either via callbacks or using promises, to access and update data in your MongoDB database.

MongoDB database tier

If your application stores any data (user profiles, content, comments, uploads, events, etc.), then you’re going to want a database that’s just as easy to work with as React, Express, and Node.

That’s where MongoDB comes in: JSON documents created in your React.js front end can be sent to the Express.js server, where they can be processed and (assuming they’re valid) stored directly in MongoDB for later retrieval. Again, if you’re building in the cloud, you’ll want to look at Atlas. If you’re looking to set up your own MERN stack, read on!

Is MERN a full-stack solution?

Yes, MERN is a full stack, following the traditional three-tier architectural pattern, including the front-end display tier (React.js), application tier (Express.js and Node.js), and database tier (MongoDB).

Why choose the MERN stack?

Let’s start with MongoDB, the document database at the root of the MERN stack. MongoDB was designed to store JSON data natively (it technically uses a binary version of JSON called BSON), and everything from its command line interface to its query language (MQL, or MongoDB Query Language) is built on JSON and JavaScript.

MongoDB works extremely well with Node.js, and makes storing, manipulating, and representing JSON data at every tier of your application incredibly easy. For cloud-native applications, MongoDB Atlasmakes it even easier, by giving you an auto-scaling MongoDB cluster on the cloud provider of your choice, as easy as a few button clicks.

Express.js (running on Node.js) and React.js make the JavaScript/JSON application MERN full stack, well, full. Express.js is a server-side application framework that wraps HTTP requests and responses, and makes it easy to map URLs to server-side functions. React.js is a front end JavaScript framework for building interactive user interfaces in HTML, and communicating with a remote server.

The combination means that JSON data flows naturally from front to back, making it fast to build on and reasonably simple to debug. Plus, you only have to know one programming language, and the JSON document structure, to understand the whole system!

MERN is the stack of choice for today’s web developers looking to move quickly, particularly for those with React.js experience.

MERN use cases

Like any web stack, you can build whatever you want in MERN — though it’s ideally suited for cases that are JSON-heavy, cloud-native, and that have dynamic web interfaces.

Examples include workflow management, news aggregation, to-do apps and calendars, and interactive forums/social products — and whatever else you can dream up!

Thanks for your time!

Full Stack Development

Full Stack Development refers to the development of both front end(client side) and back end(server side) portions of web applications.

Full stack web Developers

Full stack web developers have the ability to design complete web applications and websites. They work on the frontend, backend, database and debugging of web applications or websites.

Full Stack Development

Technology Related to Full Stack Development

Front-end Development

It is the visible part of website or web application which is responsible for user experience. The user directly interacts with the front end portion of the web application or website.

Front-end Technologies:

The front end portion is built by using some languages which are discussed below:

• HTML: HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is used to design the front end portion of web pages using markup language. HTML is the combination of Hypertext and Markup language. Hypertext defines the link between the web pages. The markup language is used to define the text documentation within tag which defines the structure of web pages.
• CSS: Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simply designed language intended to simplify the process of making web pages presentable. CSS allows you to apply styles to web pages. More importantly, CSS enables you to do this independent of the HTML that makes up each web page.
• JavaScript: JavaScript is a famous scripting language used to create the magic on the sites to make the site interactive for the user. It is used to enhancing the functionality of a website to running cool games and web-based software.

Front End Libraries and Frameworks

• AngularJS: AngularJs is a JavaScript open source front-end framework that is mainly used to develop single page web applications(SPAs). It is a continuously growing and expanding framework which provides better ways for developing web applications. It changes the static HTML to dynamic HTML. It is an open source project which can be freely used and changed by anyone. It extends HTML attributes with Directives, and data is bound with HTML.
• React.js: React is a declarative, efficient, and flexible JavaScript library for building user interfaces. ReactJS is an open-source, component-based front end library responsible only for the view layer of the application. It is maintained by Facebook.
• Bootstrap: Bootstrap is a free and open-source tool collection for creating responsive websites and web applications. It is the most popular HTML, CSS, and JavaScript framework for developing responsive, mobile-first web sites.
• jQuery: jQuery is an open source JavaScript library that simplifies the interactions between an HTML/CSS document, or more precisely the Document Object Model (DOM), and JavaScript. Elaborating the terms, jQuery simplifies HTML document traversing and manipulation, browser event handling, DOM animations, Ajax interactions, and cross-browser JavaScript development.
• SASS: It is the most reliable, mature and robust CSS extension language. It is used to extend the functionality of an existing CSS of a site including everything from variables, inheritance, and nesting with ease. (SASS ~ Syntactically Awesome Style Sheets)
• Some other libraries and frameworks are: Semantic-UI, Foundation, Materialize, Backbone.js, Express.js, Ember.js etc.

Back-end Technologies

It refers to the server-side development of web application or website with a primary focus on how the website works. It is responsible for managing the database through queries and APIs by client-side commands. This type of website mainly consists of three parts front end, back end, and database.
The back end portion is built by using some libraries, frameworks, and languages which are discussed below:

• PHP: PHP is a server-side scripting language designed specifically for web development. Since, PHP code executed on server side so it is called server side scripting language.
• C++ It is a general purpose programming language and widely used now a days for competitive programming. It is also used as backend language.
• Java: Java is one of the most popular and widely used programming language and platform. It is highly scalable. Java components are easily available.
• Python: Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly and integrate systems more efficiently.
• Node.js: Node.js is an open source and cross-platform runtime environment for executing JavaScript code outside of a browser. You need to remember that NodeJS is not a framework and it’s not a programming language. Most of the people are confused and understand it’s a framework or a programming language. We often use Node.js for building back-end services like APIs like Web App or Mobile App. It’s used in production by large companies such as Paypal, Uber, Netflix, Walmart and so on.
• Back End Frameworks: The list of back end frameworks are: Express, Django, Rails, Laravel, Spring etc.
• The other back end program/scripting languages are: C#, Ruby, REST, GO etc.

Note: JavaScript is essential for all stacks as it is dominant technology on Web.

Database: Database is the collection of inter-related data which helps in efficient retrieval, insertion and deletion of data from database and organizes the data in the form of tables, views, schemas, reports etc.

• Oracle: Oracle database is the collection of data which is treated as a unit. The purpose of this database is to store and retrieve information related to the query. It is a database server and used to manages information.
• MongoDB: MongoDB, the most popular NoSQL database, is an open source document-oriented database. The term ‘NoSQL’ means ‘non-relational’. It means that MongoDB isn’t based on the table-like relational database structure but provides an altogether different mechanism for storage and retrieval of data.
• Sql Structured Query Language is a standard Database language which is used to create, maintain and retrieve the relational database.

Popular Stacks

• MEAN Stack: MongoDB, Express, AngularJS and Node.js.
• MERN Stack: MongoDB, Express, ReactJS and Node.js
• Django Stack: Django, python and MySQL as Database.
• Rails or Ruby on Rails: Uses Ruby, PHP and MySQL.
• LAMP Stack: Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP.

Thanks for your time!

English Tense Practice

01. Abdul (want) to be a doctor. [Past Indefinite Tense]

Ans: Abdul wanted to be a doctor.

02. The baby (cry) all morning. [Present Perfect Continuous Tense]

Ans: The baby has been crying all morning.

03. Rumi(complete) his task by then. [Future Perfect Tense]

Ans: Rumi will have completed his task by then.

04. Ashok fell off the ladder when he (mend) the roof. [Past Continuous Tense]

Ans: Ashok fell off the ladder when he was mending the roof.

05. He (watch) TV most evening. [Present Indefinite Tense]

Ans: He watches TV most evenings.

06. This paper (appear) twice weekly. [Future Indefinite Tense]

Ans: This paper will appear twice weekly.

07. We (finish) our breakfast half an hour ago. [Past Perfect Tense]

Ans: We had finished our breakfast half an hour ago.

8. When he lived in Hyderabad, he (go) to the cinema once a week. [Past IT]

A: When he lived in Hyderabad, he went to the cinema once a week.

9. He (go) out five minutes ago. [Present Perfect Tense]

A: He has gone out five minutes ago.

10.Mom (cook) my favorite pasta. [Future Perfect Tense]

A: Mom will have cooked my favorite pasta

11. I (see) Rahim at the zoo. [Past Indefinite Tense]

A:   I saw Rahim at the zoo

12. I (not see) Kumar this week. [Present Perfect Tense]

A: I have not seen Kumar this week

13. Miss Smith (teach) for twelve years coming May. [Future Perfect Continuous Tense]

A: Miss Smith will have been teaching for twelve years coming May.

14. I (smell) something burning. [Present Perfect Continuous Tense]

A:   I have been smelling something burning.

15. They (leave) for Kashmir by next day. [Future Perfect Tense]

A: They will have left for Kashmir by next day.

16. Look, the sun (rise) over the hills. [Present Continuous Tense]

A: Look, the sun is rising over the hills.

17. I (not see) him since we met a year ago. [Past Perfect Tense]

A: I had not seen him since we met a year ago.

18. The soup (not taste) good. [Present Indefinite Tense]

A: The soup does not taste good.

19. Shelly (practice) how to speak Spanish for an hour when you arrive. [FPCT]

A: Shelly will have been practicing how to speak Spanish for an hour when you arrive.

20. I (walk) for half an hour when it suddenly started to rain. [Past PCT]

A: I had been walking for half an hour when it suddenly started to rain

21. She (be) unconscious since four o’clock. [Present Perfect Tense]

A:She has been unconscious since four o’clock.

22. When I reach home, my dog (wait) for me on the porch. [FCT]

A: When I reach home, my dog will be waiting for me on the porch.

23. Did you think you (see) me somewhere before? [Past Perfect Tense]

A: Did you think you had seen me somewhere before?

24. The town (change) its appearance completely since 1980. [Present PT]

A: The town has changed its appearance completely since 1980.

25. The flight (arrive) at 3:30 A.M. [Future Indefinite Tense]

A: The flight will arrive at 3:30 A.M.

26. Rumi (complete) his task by then. [Future Perfect Tense]

A:   Rumihas been completedhis task by then.

The teacher (advice) the student to frame a timetable for time management. [Past Indefinite Tense]

A:   The teacheradvisedthe student to frame a timetable for time management.

28. He (discuss) the interior design for two hours. [Present P C Tense]

A:   He has been discussing the interior design for two hours.

29. He (bake) pies for his children. [Future Continuous Tense]

A:   Hewill bebaking over the hills.

30. I (not see) him since we met a year ago. [Past Perfect Tense]

A:  Ihad not seen him since we met a year ago.

31. The soup (not taste) good. [Present Indefinite Tense]

A:  The soup does not taste good.

32. I (take) my lunch yet. [Present Perfect Tense]

A:   I have been takingmy lunch yet.

33.My firm (progress) by leaps and bounds. [Future PCT]

A:   My firmwill have been progressingby leaps and bounds.

She (serve) the dinner at half-past eight and (put) the children to sleep at half-past nine. [Present Indefinite Tense]

A:

She serves the dinnerat half-past eight and put the children to sleep at half-past nine.

35. I (walk) for half an hour when it suddenly started to rain. [Past P CT]

A:   Ihad been walkingfor half an hour when it suddenly started to rain.